Handbook of electrical safety

1.0 INTRODUCTION1-1
1.1 PURPOSE
1.2 SCOPE
1.3 AUTHORITY HAVING JURISDICTION (AHJ)
2.0 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
2.1 ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE OR REPAIRS
2.1.1 WORK ON ENERGIZED/DEENERGIZED
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
2.1.2 CONSIDERATIONS FOR WORKING ON
ENERGIZED SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT
2.1.3. SAFETY WATCH RESPONSIBILITIES
AND QUALIFICATIONS
2.2 BASIC SAFEGUARDS
2.3 RESPONSIBILITIES
2.3.1 MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITIES
2.3.2 EMPLOYEE RESPONSIBILITIES
2.4 REVIEWS/INSPECTIONS
2.5 APPROVAL OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
2.6 CODES, STANDARDS, AND REGULATIONS
2.7 GROUND FAULT CIRCUIT INTERRUPTERS
2.7.1 HOW A GFCI WORKS
2.7.2 USES
2.8 TRAINING AND QUALIFICATIONS OF QUALIFIED WORKERS
2.8.1 FORMAL TRAINING AND QUALIFICATIONS
2.8.2 TRAINING OF SAFETY PERSONNEL
2.9 WORKING SPACE AROUND ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
2.9.1 ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT RATED AT 600 VOLTS OR LESS
2.9.2 ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT RATED OVER 600 VOLTS
2.10 IDENTIFICATION OF DISCONNECTION MEANS
2.10.1 DISCONNECTING MEANS
2.10.2 PANELBOARD CIRCUIT DIRECTORIES
2.10.3 ENCLOSURE LABELING
2.10.4 LOAD LABELING
2.10.5 SOURCE LABELING
2.11 WORK INSTRUCTIONS
2.11.1 SAFE WORK INSTRUCTIONS AND SUPERVISION
2.11.2 WORK INSTRUCTIONS
2.11.3 WORK PLANNING
2.12 ELECTRICAL PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)
2.12.1 MANAGEMENT'S RESPONSIBILITIES
2.12.2 INSPECTING PPE
2.12.3 CLEANING AND ELECTRICAL TESTING OF PPE
2.12.3.1 TESTING
2.12.3.2 TESTING APPARATUS
2.12.3.3 RETESTED PPE
2.12.4 LIVE-LINE TOOLS
2.12.4.1 FIBERGLASS-HANDLED TOOLS
2.12.4.2 WOODEN-HANDLED TOOLS
2.12.5 MAXIMUM USAGE VOLTAGE
2.12.6 MAXIMUM USAGE VOLTAGE FOR LIVE-LINE TOOLS
2.12.7 RUBBER-INSULATED GLOVES
2.12.8 STORAGE
2.12.9 SAFETY SHOES, HATS, AND GLASSES
2.13 WORK PRACTICES
2.13.1 TRAINING
2.13.1.1 LIVE PARTS
2.13.1.2 SAFE PROCEDURE
2.13.1.3 CIRCUITS AND EQUIPMENT
2.13.1.4 STORED ELECTRICAL ENERGY
2.13.1.5 STORED NONELECTRICAL ENERGY
2.13.1.6 LOCKOUT/TAGOUT PROCEDURE
2.13.2 VERIFICATION OF DEENERGIZED CONDITION
2.13.2.1 VOLTAGE VERIFICATION TEST
2.13.2.2 APPLICATION OF GROUNDS
2.13.3 REENERGIZING EQUIPMENT
2.13.3.1 TESTS AND VISUAL INSPECTIONS
2.13.3.2 WARNING EMPLOYEES
2.13.3.3 REMOVING LOCK AND TAG
2.13.4 SAFE ENERGIZED WORK (HOT WORK)
2.13.4.1 APPROACH DISTANCE
2.13.4.2 TWO WORKERS
2.13.4.3 ELECTRICAL SAFETY RULES
2.13.4.4 UNEXPECTED ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
2.13.4.5 ILLUMINATION
2.13.4.6 SYSTEMS UNDER LOAD
2.13.4.7 WORKING WITH TEST INSTRUMENTS
AND EQUIPMENT
2.13.4.7.1 QUALIFIED EMPLOYEES
2.13.4.7.2 VISUAL INSPECTIONS
2.13.4.7.3 RATING INSTRUMENTS AND
EQUIPMENT
2.13.4.7.4 CALIBRATION OF
ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTS

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Grounding and Bonding

File : 183 pages, 3.85 MB
TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
Purpose
Scope
Objectives
References
Overview of the inspection program
CHAPTER 2. FACILITY ELEMENTS AND PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS
Generic C4ISR facility elements
Element descriptions
C4ISR facility protection requirements
Role of grounding
Role of bonding
Role of shielding
CHAPTER 3. FACILITY GROUND SYSTEM FOR NEW C4ISR FACILITIES
Ground systems
Earth electrode subsystem
Fault protection subsystem
Lightning protection subsystem
Signal reference subsystem.
CHAPTER 4. ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE (EMI) PROTECTION
Purpose of EMI protection
Typical configuration
Design considerations
Typical components and installation details
Interfaces with other grounding and bonding subsystems
Inspections and testing
Baseline configuration documentation
CHAPTER 5. ELECTROMAGNETTC PULSE (EMP) PROTECTION
Purpose of EMP protection
Types of EMP
Effects of EMP on facility systems
Grounding protection against EMP
Typical components and installation details
Interfaces with other grounding and bonding subsystems
Inspections and testing
Baseline configuration documentation
CHAPTER 6. EVALUATING, MODIFYING, AND MAINTAINING
EXISTING C4ISR FACILITIES
Purpose of evaluating, modifying and maintaining
C4ISR facilities
Facility survey
Performance evaluation program
Upgrades
Expansions
CHAPTER 7. MAINTENANCE OF GROUNDING AND BONDING SYSTEMS
Purpose of maintenance of grounding and bonding systems
Configuration control
Maintenance and repair records
Earth electrode subsystem
Fault protection subsystem
Lightning protection subsystem
Signal reference subsystem
Facility shielding
Performance evaluation program
APPENDIX A REFERENCES A-1

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Handbook of electrical science

Volume 1 of 4
Module 1 - Basic Electrical Theory
This module describes basic electrical concepts and introduces electrical terminology.
Module 2 - Basic DC Theory
This module describes the basic concepts of direct current (DC) electrical circuits and discusses the associated terminology.
Volume 2 of 4
Module 3 - DC CircuitsT his module introduces the rules associated with the reactive components of inductance and capacitance and how they affect DC circuits.
Module 4 - Batteries
This module introduces batteries and describes the types of cells used, circuit arrangements, and associated hazards.
Module 5 - DC Generators
This module describes the types of DC generators and their application in terms of voltage production and load characteristics.
Module 6 - DC Motors
This module describes the types of DC motors and includes discussions of speed control, applications, and load characteristics.
Volume 3 of 4
Module 7 - Basic AC Theory
This module describes the basic concepts of alternating current (AC) electrical circuits and discusses the associated terminology.
Module 8 - AC Reactive Components
This module describes inductance and capacitance and their effects on AC circuits.
Module 9 - AC Power
This module presents power calculations for single-phase and three-phase AC circuits and includes the power triangle concept.
Module 10 - AC Generators
This module describes the operating characteristics of AC generators and includes terminology, methods of voltage production, and methods of paralleling
AC generation sources.
Module 11 - Voltage Regulators
This module describes the basic operation and application of voltage regulators.
Volume 4 of 4
Module 12 - AC Motors
This module explains the theory of operation of AC motors and discusses the various types of AC motors and their application.
Module 13 - Transformers
This module introduces transformer theory and includes the types of transformers, voltage/current relationships, and application.
Module 14 - Test Instruments and Measuring Devices
This module describes electrical measuring and test equipment and includes the parameters measured and the principles of operation of common instruments.
Module 15 - Electrical Distribution Systems
This module describes basic electrical distribution systems and includes characteristics of system design to ensure personnel and equipment safety.

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NEETS (Navy Electricity and Electronics Training Series)

24 Modules :
Module 1, Introduction to Matter, Energy, and Direct Current, introduces the course with a short history of electricity and electronics and proceeds into the characteristics of matter, energy, and direct current (dc). It also describes some of the general safety precautions and first-aid procedures that should be common knowledge for a person working in the field of electricity. Related safety hints are located throughout the rest of the series, as well.
Module 2, Introduction to Alternating Current and Transformers, is an introduction to alternating current (ac) and transformers, including basic ac theory and fundamentals of electromagnetism, inductance, capacitance, impedance, and transformers.
Module 3, Introduction to Circuit Protection, Control, and Measurement, encompasses circuit breakers, fuses, and current limiters used in circuit protection, as well as the theory and use of meters as electrical measuring devices.
Module 4, Introduction to Electrical Conductors, Wiring Techniques, and Schematic Reading, presents conductor usage, insulation used as wire covering, splicing, termination of wiring, soldering, and reading electrical wiring diagrams.
Module 5, Introduction to Generators and Motors, is an introduction to generators and motors, and covers the uses of ac and dc generators and motors in the conversion of electrical and mechanical energies.
Module 6, Introduction to Electronic Emission, Tubes, and Power Supplies, ties the first five modules together in an introduction to vacuum tubes and vacuum-tube power supplies.
Module 7, Introduction to Solid-State Devices and Power Supplies, is similar to module 6, but it is in reference to solid-state devices.
Module 8, Introduction to Amplifiers, covers amplifiers.
Module 9, Introduction to Wave-Generation and Wave-Shaping Circuits, discusses wave generation and wave-shaping circuits.
Module 10, Introduction to Wave Propagation, Transmission Lines, and Antennas, presents the characteristics of wave propagation, transmission lines, and antennas.
Module 11, Microwave Principles, explains microwave oscillators, amplifiers, and waveguides.
Module 12, Modulation Principles, discusses the principles of modulation.
Module 13, Introduction to Number Systems and Logic Circuits, presents the fundamental concepts of number systems, Boolean algebra, and logic circuits, all of which pertain to digital computers.
Module 14, Introduction to Microelectronics, covers microelectronics technology and miniature and microminiature circuit repair.
Module 15, Principles of Synchros, Servos, and Gyros, provides the basic principles, operations, functions, and applications of synchro, servo, and gyro mechanisms.
Module 16, Introduction to Test Equipment, is an introduction to some of the more commonly used test equipments and their applications.
Module 17, Radio-Frequency Communications Principles, presents the fundamentals of a radiofrequency communications system.
Module 18, Radar Principles, covers the fundamentals of a radar system.
Module 19, The Technician's Handbook, is a handy reference of commonly used general information, such as electrical and electronic formulas, color coding, and naval supply system data.
Module 20, Master Glossary, is the glossary of terms for the series.
Module 21, Test Methods and Practices, describes basic test methods and practices.
Module 22, Introduction to Digital Computers, is an introduction to digital computers.
Module 23, Magnetic Recording, is an introduction to the use and maintenance of magnetic recorders and the concepts of recording on magnetic tape and disks.
Module 24, Introduction to Fiber Optics, is an introduction to fiber optics.
NOTE : TRY USING FOXIT READER (FREE) IF YOU GOT A PROBLEM WHEN OPENING NEETS FILES. FIND THE SOFTWARE BY GOOGLING.
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UPS selection, installation and maintenance

File : 1.88 MB, 139 pages
TABLE OF CONTENS
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
Purpose
Scope References
Principles and configurations
Design criteria and selection
Installation and testing
Maintenance

CHAPTER 2 PRINCIPLES AND CONFIGURATIONS OF UNINTERRUPTIBLE
POWER SUPPLY (UPS) SYSTEMS
Principles of static UPS systems
Principles of rotary UPS systems
Common static UPS system configurations
Rotary UPS system configurations
CHAPTER 3 DESIGN AND SELECTION OF UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER
SUPPLY (UPS)
Selecting an UPS
Static UPS system ratings and size selection
Rotary UPS system ratings and size selection
CHAPTER 4 INSTALLATION AND TESTING OF UNINTERRUPTIBLE
POWER SUPPLY (UPS)
Construction and installation of static UPS systems
Construction and installation of rotary UPS systems
Power distribution and equipment grounding and shielding requirements
Testing and start-up
Test equipment
CHAPTER 5 UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY (UPS) SYSTEMS
MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES
Maintenance for UPS systems
UPS battery maintenance
APPENDIX A REFERENCES
APPENDIX B SELECTING AN UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY (UPS):
AN EXAMPLE

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Power Transformer Maintenance and Acceptance Testing

File : 3.7 MB, 62 pages
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION / SAFETY
Purpose
scope
References
Maintenance and tesdng
safety
Nameplatedata

CONSTRUCTIONlTHEORY
Transfomer applications
Magnetic flux
Winding,current and voltage ratios
Core construction
Core form construction
Shell form construction
TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS AND TAPS
Tapped Primaries and secondaries
Polarity
Autotransfomers
Single and multi-phase relationships
Delta-wye and wye-delta displacements
COOLING CONSTRUCTION CLASSIFlCATIONS
Classifications
Dry-type transfomers
Liquid-filled transformers
Tank construction
Free breathing tanks
Consevator tank
Gas-oil sealed tank
Automatic inet gas sealed tanks
Sealed tank type
INSULATING FLUIDS
Oil
Oil testing
Dissolved gas in oil analysis
Transformer oil sampling
Synthetics and other insulating fluids
INITIAL ACCEPTANCE INSPECTION TESTING
Acceptance
Pre arrival preparations
Receiving and inspection
Moving and storage
Internal inspection
Testing for leaks
Vacuum filling
TRANSFORMER TESTING
Test data
Direc tcurrent testing
Alternating current testing
TRANSFORMER AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT
Auxiliaries
Bushings
Pressure relief devices
Pressure gauges
Temperature gauges
Tap changers
Lightning (surge) arresters
COMPREHENSIVE MAlNTENANC / TESTING PROGRAM
Transformer maintenance
Maintenance and testing program
Documentation
Scheduling
STATUS OF TRANSFORMER MONITORING AND DIAGNOSTICS
Introduction
Transformer Monitoring
Transformer diagnostics
Conclusions
REFERENCES

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Operation, Maintenance and Repair Auxiliary Generator

File : 3.85 MB, 126 pages TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION Purpose Scope References Explanation of abbreviations and terms CHAPTER 2. EMERGENCY POWER SYSTEMS Emergency power Types of power generation sources Buildings & enclosures Fuel storage Loads Distribution systems Frequency Grounding Load shedding Components CHAPTER 3. PRIME MOVERS Mechanical energy Diesel engines Types of diesel engines Diesel fuel system Diesel cooling system Lubrication system Starting system Governor/speed control. Air intake system Exhaust system Service practices Operational trends and engine overhaul Gas turbine engines Gas turbine engine classifications Principles of operation Gas turbine fuel system Gas turbine cooling system Lubrication system Starting system Governor/speed control Compressor Gas turbine service practices CHAPTER 4. GENERATORS AND EXCITERS Electrical energy Generator operation Types of generators AC generators . Alternator types Design Characteristics of generators. Exciters Characteristics of exciters Field flashing Bearings and lubrication Generator maintenance Insulation testing CHAPTER 5. SWITCHGEAR Switchgear definition Types of switchgear Low voltage elements Medium voltage elements. Transfer switches Regulators Instrumentation Relays Miscellaneous devices CHAPTER 6 OPERATING PROCEDURES Requirements Attended stations Unattended stations Nonparalleled stations Paralleled with the electric utility system Paralleled with other generating units Operational testing CHAPTER 7. ROUTINE MAINTENANCE Instructions Prime mover maintenance Generator and exciter maintenance Switchgear maintenance CHAPTER 8. LUBRICATING OIL PURIFICATION Purification systems Forms of contamination Methods of purifying Oil maintenance procedures REFERENCES FUEL AND FUEL STORAGE LUBRICATING OIL COOLING SYSTEMS AND COOLANTS. SAFETY RECORDS DIESEL ENGINES: OPERATION, TIMING, AND TUNING INSTRUCTION

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Energy-Efficient Electric Motor Selection Handbook

File : pdf, 1.5 MB, 65 pages

1. Introduction
When to buy energy-efficient motors
Industrial motor population and uses
Annual electric motor sales
2. Energy-Efficient Motor Performance and Price
Motor Losses and Loss Reduction Techniques
Determining and Comparing Motor Efficiencies
Motor Efficienct Testing Standards
Testing Equipment Accuracy Limitations
NEMA Motor Nameplate Labeling Standards
3. How Much Can You Save ?
Understanding your Utility's Rate Schedule
Determining Load Factor
Determining Operating Hours
Determining Annual Energy Savings
Motor Purchase Prices
Assessing Economic Feasibility
Recommendations for Motor Purchases
4. Obtaining Motor Efficiency Data
5. Energy-Efficient Motor Selection Guidelines
Initial Motor Purchases
Motor Failure and Rewind Scenario
Replacement of Operable Standard-Efficiency Motors
Oversized and Underload Motors
6. Speed, Design Voltage, Enclosure,
Part-load Efficiency, and Power Factor
Sensitifity of Efficiency Gains to Motor RPM
Operating Voltage on Motor Performance
Motor Speed and Enclosure Considerations
Efficiency Improvements at Part-Load Conditions
Power Factor Improvement
7. Motor Operation Under Abnormal Conditions
Over Voltage
Under Voltage
Phase Voltage Imbalance
Load Shedding
8. Motor Selection Considerations
Motor Enclosures
Motor Insulation Systems
Service Factor
Motor Speed,Sip, and Torque Characteristics
9. Additional Benefits of Energy-Efficient Motors
10. Starting Your Motor Improvement Program
11. Energy-Efficient Motors : Twenty Questions and Answers

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Refrigeration and air conditioning

File : 5.63 MB, 161 pages
Lesson 1
Chapter
1 Direct Expansion Systems
2 Absorption Systems
Lesson 2
Chapter
3 Centrifugal Systems
4 Water Treatment
Lesson 3
Chapter
5 Centrifugal Water Pumps
6 Fundamentals of Electronic Controls
7 Electronic Control Systems
Answers to Review Exercises

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The art and science of protective relaying

File : 2.82MB, 357 pages

1. The philosophy of protective relaying
What is protective relaying?
The function of protective relaying
Fundamental principles of protective relaying
- primary relaying
- back-up relaying
- protection against other abnormal conditions
Functional characteristics of protective relaying
- sensitivity, selectivity, and speed
- reliability
How do protective relays operate?
2. Fundamental relay-operating principles and characteristics
General considerations
- operating principles
- definitions of operation
- operation indicators
- seal-in and holding coils, and seal-in relays
- adjustment of pickup or reset
- time delay and its definitions
Single-quantity relays of the electromagnetic-attraction type
- operating principle
- ratio of reset to pickup
- tendency toward vibration
Directional relays of the electromagnetic attraction type
- operating principle
- efficiency
- ratio of continuous thermal capacity to pickup
Induction-type relays–general operating principles
- the production of actuating force
- types of actuating structure
Single-quantity induction relays
- torque control
- effect of frequency
- effect of d-c offset
- ratio of reset to pickup
Directional induction relays
- torque relations in terms of actuating quantities
- the significance of the term "directional"
- the polarizing quantity of a directional relay
- the operating characteristic of a directional relay
- the "constant-product" characteristic
- effect of d-c offset and other transients
The universal relay-torque equation
3. Current, voltage, directional, current (or voltage)-balance, and differential relays
General protective-relay features
Overcurrent, undercurrent, overvoltage, and undervoltage relays
D-C directional relays
A-C directional relays
Current (or voltage) - balance relays
Differential relays
4. Distance relays
The impedance-type distance relay
The modified impedance-type distance relay
The reactance-type distance relay
The mho-type distance relay
General considerations applicable to all distance relays
5. Wire-pilot relays
Why current-differential relaying is not used
Purpose of a pilot
Tripping and blocking pilots
D-C wire-pilot relaying
Additional fundamental considerations
A-C wire-pilot relaying
6. Carrier-current-pilot and microwave-pilot relays
The carrier-current pilot
The microwave pilot
Phase-comparison relaying
Directional-comparison relaying
Looking ahead
7. Current transformers
Types of current transformers
Calculation of ct accuracy
Polarity and connections
8. Voltage transformers
Accuracy of potential transformers
Capacitance potential devices
The use of low-tension voltage
Polarity and connections
9. Methods for analyzing generalizing, and visualizing relay response
The R-X diagram
Short circuits
Power swings and loss of synchronism
Response of polyphase directional relays to positive- and negative-phase-sequence volt-amperes
Response of single-phase directional relays to short circuits
Phase-sequence filters
10 A-C generator and motor protection
Generator protection
11. Transformer protection
Power transformers and power autotransformers
Step voltage regulators
Grounding transformers
Electric arc-furnace transformers
Power-rectifier transformers
12 bus protection
Protection by back-up relays
The fault bus1
Directional-comparison relaying
Current-differential relaying with overcurrent relays
Partial-differential relaying
Current-differential relaying with percentage-differential relays
Voltage-differential relaying with "linear couplers"
Current-differential relaying with overvoltage relays
Combined power-transformer and bus protection
The value of bus sectionalizing
Back-up protection for bus faults
Grounding the secondaries of differentially connected ct's
Once-a-shift testing of differential-relaying equipment
13. Line protection with overcurrent relays
How to set inverse-time-overcurrent relays for coordination
Arc and ground resistance
Effect of loop circuits on overcurrent relay adjustments
Effect of system on choice of inverseness of relay characteristic
The use of instantaneous overcurrent relays
An incidental advantage of instantaneous overcurrent relaying
Overreach of instantaneous overcurrent relays
The directional feature
Use of two versus three relays for phase-fault protection
Single-phase versus polyphase directional-overcurrent relays
How to prevent single-phase directional overcurrent-relay misoperation during ground faults
Adjustment of ground versus phase relays
Effect of limiting the magnitude of ground-fault current
Transient ct errors
Detection of ground faults in ungrounded systems
Effect of ground-fault neutralizers on line relaying
The effect of open phases not accompanied by a short circuit
The effect of open phases accompanied by short circuits
Polarizing the directional units of ground relays
Negative-phase-sequence directional units for ground-fault relaying
Current-balance and power-balance relaying
Automatic reclosing
Restoration of service to distribution feeders after prolonged outages
Coordinating with fuses
A-C and capacitor tripping
14. Line protection with distance relays
The choice between impedance, reactance, or mho
The adjustment of distance relays
The effect of arcs on distance-relay operation
The effect of intermediate current sources on distance-relay operation
Overreach because of offset current waves
Overreach of ground distance relays for phase faults
Use of low-tension voltage
Use of low-tension current
Effect of power-transformer magnetizing-current inrush on distance-relay operation
The connections of ground distance relays
Operation when PT fuses blow
Purposeful tripping on loss of synchronism
Blocking tripping on loss of synchronism
Automatic reclosing
Effect of presence of expulsion protective gaps
Effect of a series capacitor
Cost-reduction schemes for distance relaying
Electronic distance relays
15. Line protection with pilot relays
Wire-pilot relaying
Obtaining adequate sensitivity
The protection of multiterminal lines
Current-transformer requirements
Back-up protection
Carrier-current-pilot relaying
Phase comparison
Directional comparison
Combined phase and directional comparison
All-electronic directional-comparison equipment
High-speed reclosing

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PLC (Programmable Logic Controller)

File : pdf, 846 pages, 5.2 MB
by Hugh Jack, PhD
TOC
2. PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLERS
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.1.1 Ladder Logic
2.1.2 Programming
2.1.3 PLC Connections
2.1.4 Ladder Logic Inputs
2.1.5 Ladder Logic Outputs
2.2 A CASE STUDY
2.3 SUMMARY
2.4 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
2.5 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
2.6 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
3. PLC HARDWARE
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 INPUTS AND OUTPUTS
3.2.1 Inputs
3.2.2 Output Modules
3.3 RELAYS
3.4 A CASE STUDY
3.5 ELECTRICAL WIRING DIAGRAMS
3.5.1 JIC Wiring Symbols
3.6 SUMMARY
3.7 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
3.8 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
3.9 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
4. LOGICAL SENSORS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 SENSOR WIRING
4.2.1 Switches
4.2.2 Transistor Transistor Logic (TTL)
4.2.3 Sinking/Sourcing
4.2.4 Solid State Relays
4.3 PRESENCE DETECTION
4.3.1 Contact Switches
4.3.2 Reed Switches
4.3.3 Optical (Photoelectric) Sensors
4.3.4 Capacitive Sensors
4.3.5 Inductive Sensors
4.3.6 Ultrasonic
4.3.7 Hall Effect
4.3.8 Fluid Flow
4.4 SUMMARY
4.5 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
4.6 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
4.7 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
5. LOGICAL ACTUATORS
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 SOLENOIDS
5.3 VALVES
5.4 CYLINDERS
5.5 HYDRAULICS
5.6 PNEUMATICS
5.7 MOTORS
5.8 COMPUTERS
5.9 OTHERS
5.10 SUMMARY
5.11 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
5.12 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
5.13 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
6. BOOLEAN LOGIC DESIGN
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
6.3 LOGIC DESIGN
6.3.1 Boolean Algebra Techniques
6.4 COMMON LOGIC FORMS
6.4.1 Complex Gate Forms
6.4.2 Multiplexers
6.5 SIMPLE DESIGN CASES
6.5.1 Basic Logic Functions
6.5.2 Car Safety System
6.5.3 Motor Forward/Reverse
6.5.4 A Burglar Alarm
6.6 SUMMARY
6.7 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
6.8 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
6.9 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
7. KARNAUGHMAPS
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 SUMMARY
7.3 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
7.4 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
7.5 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
8. PLC OPERATION
8.1 INTRODUCTION
8.2 OPERATION SEQUENCE
8.2.1 The Input and Output Scans
8.2.2 The Logic Scan
8.3 PLC STATUS
8.4 MEMORY TYPES
8.5 SOFTWARE BASED PLCS
8.6 SUMMARY
8.7 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
8.8 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
8.9 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
9. LATCHES, TIMERS, COUNTERS AND MORE
9.1 INTRODUCTION
9.2 LATCHES
9.3 TIMERS
9.4 COUNTERS
9.5 MASTER CONTROL RELAYS (MCRs)
9.6 INTERNAL RELAYS
9.7 DESIGN CASES
9.7.1 Basic Counters And Timers
9.7.2 More Timers And Counters
9.7.3 Deadman Switch
9.7.4 Conveyor
9.7.5 Accept/Reject Sorting
9.7.6 Shear Press
9.8 SUMMARY
9.9 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
9.10 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
9.11 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
10. STRUCTURED LOGIC DESIGN
10.1 INTRODUCTION
10.2 PROCESS SEQUENCE BITS
10.3 TIMING DIAGRAMS
10.4 DESIGN CASES
10.5 SUMMARY
10.6 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
10.7 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
10.8 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
11. FLOWCHART BASED DESIGN
11.1 INTRODUCTION
11.2 BLOCK LOGIC
11.3 SEQUENCE BITS
11.4 SUMMARY
11.5 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
11.6 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
11.7 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
12. STATE BASED DESIGN
12.1 INTRODUCTION
12.1.1 State Diagram Example
12.1.2 Conversion to Ladder Logic
Block Logic Conversion
State Equations
State-Transition Equations
12.2 SUMMARY
12.3 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
12.4 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
12.5 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
13. NUMBERS AND DATA
13.1 INTRODUCTION
13.2 NUMERICAL VALUES
13.2.1 Binary
Boolean Operations
Binary Mathematics
13.2.2 Other Base Number Systems
13.2.3 BCD (Binary Coded Decimal)
13.3 DATA CHARACTERIZATION
13.3.1 ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
13.3.2 Parity
13.3.3 Checksums
13.3.4 Gray Code
13.4 SUMMARY
13.5 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
13.6 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
13.7 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
14. PLCMEMORY
14.1 INTRODUCTION
14.2 MEMORY ADDRESSES
14.3 PROGRAM FILES
14.4 DATA FILES
14.4.1 User Bit Memory
14.4.2 Timer Counter Memory
14.4.3 PLC Status Bits (for PLC-5s and Micrologix)
14.4.4 User Function Control Memory
14.4.5 Integer Memory
14.4.6 Floating Point Memory
14.5 SUMMARY
14.6 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
14.7 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
14.8 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
15. LADDER LOGIC FUNCTIONS
15.1 INTRODUCTION
15.2 DATA HANDLING
15.2.1 Move Functions
15.2.2 Mathematical Functions
15.2.3 Conversions
15.2.4 Array Data Functions
Statistics
Block Operations
15.3 LOGICAL FUNCTIONS
15.3.1 Comparison of Values
15.3.2 Boolean Functions
15.4 DESIGN CASES
15.4.1 Simple Calculation
15.4.2 For-Next
15.4.3 Series Calculation
15.4.4 Flashing Lights
15.5 SUMMARY
15.6 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
15.7 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
15.8 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
16. ADVANCED LADDER LOGIC FUNCTIONS
16.1 INTRODUCTION
16.2 LIST FUNCTIONS
16.2.1 Shift Registers
16.2.2 Stacks
16.2.3 Sequencers
16.3 PROGRAM CONTROL
16.3.1 Branching and Looping
16.3.2 Fault Detection and Interrupts
16.4 INPUT AND OUTPUT FUNCTIONS
16.4.1 Immediate I/O Instructions
16.4.2 Block Transfer Functions
16.5 DESIGN TECHNIQUES
16.5.1 State Diagrams
16.6 DESIGN CASES
16.6.1 If-Then
16.6.2 Traffic Light
16.7 SUMMARY
16.8 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
16.9 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
16.10 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
17. OPEN CONTROLLERS
17.1 INTRODUCTION
17.2 IEC 61131
17.3 OPEN ARCHITECTURE CONTROLLERS
17.4 SUMMARY
17.5 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
17.6 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
17.7 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
18. INSTRUCTION LIST PROGRAMMING
18.1 INTRODUCTION
18.2 THE IEC 61131 VERSION
18.3 THE ALLEN-BRADLEY VERSION
18.4 SUMMARY
18.5 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
18.6 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
18.7 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
19. STRUCTURED TEXT PROGRAMMING
19.1 INTRODUCTION
19.2 THE LANGUAGE
19.3 SUMMARY
19.4 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
19.5 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
19.6 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
20. SEQUENTIAL FUNCTION CHARTS
20.1 INTRODUCTION
20.2 A COMPARISON OF METHODS
20.3 SUMMARY
20.4 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
20.5 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
20.6 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
21. FUNCTION BLOCK PROGRAMMING
21.1 INTRODUCTION
21.2 CREATING FUNCTION BLOCKS
21.3 DESIGN CASE
21.4 SUMMARY
21.5 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
21.6 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
21.7 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
22. ANALOG INPUTS AND OUTPUTS
22.1 INTRODUCTION
22.2 ANALOG INPUTS
22.2.1 Analog Inputs With a PLC
22.3 ANALOG OUTPUTS
22.3.1 Analog Outputs With A PLC
22.3.2 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Outputs
22.3.3 Shielding
22.4 DESIGN CASES
22.4.1 Process Monitor
22.5 SUMMARY
22.6 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
22.7 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
22.8 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
23. CONTINUOUS SENSORS
23.1 INTRODUCTION
23.2 INDUSTRIAL SENSORS
23.2.1 Angular Displacement
Potentiometers
23.2.2 Encoders
Tachometers
23.2.3 Linear Position
Potentiometers
Linear Variable Differential Transformers (LVDT)
Moire Fringes
Accelerometers
23.2.4 Forces and Moments
Strain Gages
Piezoelectric
23.2.5 Liquids and Gases
Pressure
Venturi Valves
Coriolis Flow Meter
Magnetic Flow Meter
Ultrasonic Flow Meter
Vortex Flow Meter
Positive Displacement Meters
Pitot Tubes
23.2.6 Temperature
Resistive Temperature Detectors (RTDs)
Thermocouples
Thermistors
Other Sensors
23.2.7 Light
Light Dependant Resistors (LDR)
23.2.8 Chemical
pH
Conductivity
23.2.9 Others
23.3 INPUT ISSUES
23.4 SENSOR GLOSSARY
23.5 SUMMARY
23.6 REFERENCES
23.7 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
23.8 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
23.9 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
24. CONTINUOUS ACTUATORS
24.1 INTRODUCTION
24.2 ELECTRIC MOTORS
24.2.1 Basic Brushed DC Motors
24.2.2 AC Motors
24.2.3 Brushless DC Motors
24.2.4 Stepper Motors
24.2.5 Wound Field Motors
24.3 HYDRAULICS
24.4 OTHER SYSTEMS
24.5 SUMMARY
24.6 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
24.7 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
24.8 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
25. CONTINUOUS CONTROL
25.1 INTRODUCTION
25.2 CONTROL OF LOGICAL ACTUATOR SYSTEMS
25.3 CONTROL OF CONTINUOUS ACTUATOR SYSTEMS
25.3.1 Block Diagrams
25.3.2 Feedback Control Systems
25.3.3 Proportional Controllers
25.3.4 PID Control Systems
25.4 DESIGN CASES
25.4.1 Oven Temperature Control
25.4.2 Water Tank Level Control
25.5 SUMMARY
25.6 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
25.7 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
25.8 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
26. FUZZY LOGIC
26.1 INTRODUCTION
26.2 COMMERCIAL CONTROLLERS
26.3 REFERENCES
26.4 SUMMARY
26.5 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
26.6 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
26.7 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
27. SERIAL COMMUNICATION
27.1 INTRODUCTION
27.2 SERIAL COMMUNICATIONS
27.2.1 RS-232
ASCII Functions
27.3 PARALLEL COMMUNICATIONS
27.4 DESIGN CASES
27.4.1 PLC Interface To a Robot
27.5 SUMMARY
27.6 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
27.7 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
27.8 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
28. NETWORKING
28.1 INTRODUCTION
28.1.1 Topology
28.1.2 OSI Network Model
28.1.3 Networking Hardware
28.1.4 Control Network Issues
28.2 NETWORK STANDARDS
28.2.1 Devicenet
28.2.2 CANbus
28.2.3 Controlnet
28.2.4 Ethernet
28.2.5 Profibus
28.2.6 Sercos
28.3 PROPRIETARY NETWORKS
28.3.1 Data Highway
28.4 NETWORK COMPARISONS
28.5 DESIGN CASES
28.5.1 Devicenet
28.6 SUMMARY
28.7 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
28.8 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
28.9 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
29. INTERNET
29.1 INTRODUCTION
29.1.1 Computer Addresses
IPV6
29.1.2 Phone Lines
29.1.3 Mail Transfer Protocols
29.1.4 FTP - File Transfer Protocol
29.1.5 HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol
29.1.6 Novell
29.1.7 Security
Firewall
IP Masquerading
29.1.8 HTML - Hyper Text Markup Language
29.1.9 URLs
29.1.10 Encryption
29.1.11 Compression
29.1.12 Clients and Servers
29.1.13 Java
29.1.14 Javascript
29.1.15 CGI
29.1.16 ActiveX
29.1.17 Graphics
29.2 DESIGN CASES
29.2.1 Remote Monitoring System
29.3 SUMMARY
29.4 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
29.5 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
29.6 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
30. HUMANMACHINE INTERFACES (HMI)
30.1 INTRODUCTION
30.2 HMI/MMI DESIGN
30.3 DESIGN CASES
30.4 SUMMARY
30.5 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
30.6 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
30.7 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
31. ELECTRICAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
31.1 INTRODUCTION
31.2 ELECTRICAL WIRING DIAGRAMS
31.2.1 Selecting Voltages
31.2.2 Grounding
31.2.3 Wiring
31.2.4 Suppressors
31.2.5 PLC Enclosures
31.2.6 Wire and Cable Grouping
31.3 FAIL-SAFE DESIGN
31.4 SAFETY RULES SUMMARY
31.5 REFERENCES
31.6 SUMMARY
31.7 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
31.8 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
31.9 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
32. SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
32.1 INTRODUCTION
32.1.1 Fail Safe Design
32.2 DEBUGGING
32.2.1 Troubleshooting
32.2.2 Forcing
32.3 PROCESS MODELLING
32.4 PROGRAMMING FOR LARGE SYSTEMS
32.4.1 Developing a Program Structure
32.4.2 Program Verification and Simulation
32.5 DOCUMENTATION
32.6 COMMISIONING
32.7 REFERENCES
32.8 SUMMARY
32.9 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
32.10 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
32.11 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
33. SELECTING A PLC
33.1 INTRODUCTION
33.2 SPECIAL I/O MODULES
33.3 SUMMARY
33.4 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
33.5 PRACTICE PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
33.6 ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
34. FUNCTION REFERENCE
34.1 FUNCTION DESCRIPTIONS
34.1.1 General Functions
34.1.2 Program Control
34.1.3 Timers and Counters
34.1.4 Compare
34.1.5 Calculation and Conversion
34.1.6 Logical
34.1.7 Move
34.1.8 File
34.1.9 List
34.1.10 Program Control
34.1.11 Advanced Input/Output
34.1.12 String
34.2 DATA TYPES

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Integration and Automation of Manufacturing System

Integration and Automation of Manufacturing System - integrated.pdf

Remote Sensing

File : pdf, 217 pages, 14.16 MB
TOC
1. Introduction to remote sensing
Purpose of this manual
Content
2. Principles of Remote Sensing System
Introduction
Definition of Remote Sensing
Basic Components of Remote Sensing
Component 1: Electromagnetic Energy Is Emitted
From A Source
Component 2: Interaction of Electromagnetic
Energy with Particles in the Atmosphere
Component 3: Electromagnetic Energy Interacts
with Surface and Near Objects
Component 4: Energy is Detected and Recorded by
the Sensor Aerial Photography
Brief History of Remote Sensing
3. Sensor and Systems
Introduction
Corps 9 - Civil Works Business Practice Areas
Sensor Data Considerations
Value Added Products
Aerial Photography
Airborne Digital Sensors
Airborne Geometries
Planning Airborne Acquisitions
Bathymetric and Hydrographic Sensors
Laser Induced Fluorescence
Airborne Gamma
Satellite Platforms and Sensors
Satellite Orbits
Planning Satellite Acquisitions
Ground Penetratng Radar sensors
4. Data Acquisition and Archives
Introduction
specifications for Image Acquisition
Satellite Image Licensing
Image Archive Search and cost
Specifications for Airborne Acquisition
Airborne Image Licensing
St. Louis District Air Photo Contracting
5. Processing Digital Imagery
Introduction
Image Processing Software
Metadata
Viewing the Image
Band/Color Composite
Information About the Image
Datum
Image Projections
Latitude
Longitude
Latitude/Longitude Computer Entry
Transferring Latitude/Longitude to a Map
Map Projections
Rectification
Image to Map Rectification
Ground Control Points (GCPs)
Positional Error
Project Image and Save
Image to Image Rectification
Image Enhancement
6. Remote Sensing Applications

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Safety and Health Requirements

File : pdf, 8.17 MB, 977 pages

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Program Management
A. General
B. Indoctrination and Training
C. Physical Qualification of Employees
D. Accident Reporting and Recordkeeping
E. Emergency Planning
F. Emergency Recovery Operations
2. Sanitation
A. General Requirements
B. Drinking Water
C. Toilets
D. Washing Facilities
E. Food Service
F. Waste Disposal
G. Vermin Control
3. Medical and First-Aid Requirements
A. General
B. First-Aid Kits
C. First-Aid Stations and Infirmaries
D. Personnel Requirements and Qualifications
4. Temporary Facilities
A. General
5. Personal Protective and Safety Equipment
A. General
B. Eye and Face Protection
C. Hearing Protection and Noise Control
D. Head Protection
E. Respiratory Protection
F. Body Belts, Harnesses, Lanyards, and Lifelines - Selection of Components
G. Electrical Protective Equipment
H. Personal Floatation Devices
I. Lifesaving and Safety Skiffs
6. Hazardous Substances, Agents, and Environments
A. General
B. Hazardous Substances
C. Hot Substances
D. Harmful Plants, Animals, and Insects
E. Ionizing Radiation
F. Nonionizing Radiation and Magnetic and Electric Fields
G. Ventilation and Exhaust Systems
H. Abrasive Blasting
I. Confined Space
J. Inclement Weather and Environmental Hazards
K. Cumulative Trauma Prevention
L. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management
7. Lighting
A. General
8. Accident Prevention Signs, Tags, Labels, Signals, Piping System Identification, and Traffic Control
A. Signs, Tags, Labels, and Piping Systems
B. Signal Systems, Personnel, and Procedures
C. Traffic Control
D. Haul Roads
9. Fire Prevention and Protection
A. General
B. Flammable and Combustible Liquids
C. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LP-Gas)
D. Temporary Heating Devices
E. First Response Fire Protection
F. Fixed Fire Suppression Systems
G. Fire Fighting Equipment
H. Fire Detection and Employee Fire Alarm Systems
I. Fire Fighting Organizations - Training and Drilling
J. Fire Patrols
K. USACE Wild Land Fire Control
10. Welding and Cutting
A. General
B. Respiratory Protection
C. Fire Protection
D. Oxyfuel Gas Welding and Cutting
E. Arc Welding and Cutting
F. Gas Metal Arc Welding
11. Electrical
A. General
B. Overcurrent Protection, Disconnects, and Switches
C. Grounding
D. Temporary Wiring and Lighting
E. Operations Adjacent to Overhead Lines
F. Batteries and Battery Charging
G. Hazardous (Classified) Locations
H. Power Transmission and Distribution
I. Underground Electrical Installations
J. Work in Energized Substations
K. Communication Facilities
12. Control of Hazardous Energy (Lockout/Tagout)
A. General
B. Training
C. Periodic Inspections
D. Lockout and Tagout Devices
E. Applying and Removing Lockout and Tagout Devices
13. Hand and Power Tools
A. General
B. Grinding and Abrasive Machinery
C. Power Saws and Woodworking Machinery
D. Pneumatic Tools
E. Explosive-Actuated Tools
F. Chain Saws
G. Abrasive Blasting Machinery
14. Material Handling, Storage, and Disposal
A. Material Handling
B. Material Storage
C. Housekeeping
D. Material Disposal
15.Rigging
A. General
B. Wire Rope
C. Chain
D. Fiber Rope (Natural and Synthetic)
E. Slings
F. Rigging Hardware
16. Machinery and Mechanized Equipment
A. General
B. Guarding and Safety Devices
C. Cranes and Derricks - General
D. Crawler-, Truck-, Wheel-, and Ringer-Mounted, Cranes
E. Portal, Tower, and Pillar Cranes
F. Floating Cranes, Floating Derricks, Crane Barges, and Auxiliary Shipboard Mounted Cranes
G. Overhead and Gantry Cranes
H. Monorails and Underhung Cranes
I. Derricks
J. Helicopter Cranes
K. Material Hoists
L. Pile Drivers
M. Drilling Equipment
17. Conveyors
A. General
B. Operation
18. Motor Vehicles and Aircraft
A. General
B. Operating Rules
C. Transportation of Personnel
D. All Terrain Vehicles (ATV)
E. Aircraft
19. Floating Plant and Marine Activities
A. General
B. Access
C. Launches, Motorboats, and Skiffs
D. Dredging
E. Scrows and Barges
F. Navigation Locks and Locking
20. Pressurized Equipment and Systems
A. General
B. Compressed Air and Gas Systems
C. Boilers and Systems
D. Compressed Gas Cylinders
21. Safe Access and Fall Protection
A. General
B. Standard Guardrails and Handrails
C. Personal Fall Protection Systems and Safety Nets
D. Ladders
E. Stairways
F. Ramps, Runways, and Trestles
G. Personnel Hoists and Elevators
22. Work Platforms
A. General
B. Scaffolds - General
C. Metal Scaffolds and Towers
D. Scaffolds - Wood Pole
E. Scaffolds - Suspended
F. Crane Supported Work Platforms
G. Form and Carpenter's Bracket Scaffolds
H. Horse Scaffolds
I. Pump Jack Scaffolds
J. Elevating Work Platforms
K. Vehicle-Mounted Elevating and Rotating Work Platforms
L. Mast Climbing Work Platform
23. Demolition
A. General
B. Debris Removal
C. Wall Removal
D. Floor Removal
E. Steel Removal
F. Mechanical Demolition
24. Floor and Wall Holes and Openings
A. General
25. Excavations
A. General
B. Safe Access
C. Sloping and Benching
D. Support Systems
E. Cofferdams
26. Underground Construction (Tunnels), Shafts, and Caissons
A. General
B. Hazardous Classifications
C. Air Monitoring, Air Quality Standards, and Ventilation
D. Fire Prevention and Protection
E. Drilling
F. Shafts
G. Hoisting
H. Caissons
I. Compressed Air Work
J. Underground Blasting
27. Concrete and Masonry Construction and Steel Erection
A. Concrete and Masonry Construction - General
B. Formwork and Shoring
C. Precast Concrete Operations
D. Lift-Slab Operations
E. Structural Steel Assembly
F. Systems-Engineered Metal Building
G. Masonry Construction
H. Roofing
28. Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER)
A. General
29. Blasting
A. General
B. Transportation of Explosive Materials
C. Handling of Explosive Materials
D. Electromagnetic Radiation
E. Vibration and Damage Control
F. Drilling and Loading
G. Wiring
H. Firing
I. Post-Blast Procedures
J. Underwater Blasting
30. Contract Diving Operations
A. General
B. SCUBA Diving Operations
C. Surface Supplied Air Operations
D. Mixed-Gas Diving Operations
E. Equipment Requirements
F. Advanced Diving Technology
G. Scientific Snorkeling
31. Tree Maintenance and Removal
A. General
B. Tree Climbing
C. Felling
D. Brush Removal and Chipping
E. Other Operations and Equipment
32. Airfield Operations
A. General

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Control Valve Handbook

File : pdf, 2.76 MB, 295 pages

TOC
1. Introduction to Control Valves1
What Is A Control Valve?
Process Control Terminology
Sliding-Stem Control Valve Terminology
Rotary-Shaft Control Valve Terminology
Control Valve Functions and Characteristics Terminology
Other Process Control Terminology
2. Control Valve Performance
Process Variability
Economic Results
Summary
3. Valve and Actuator Types
Control Valves
Globe Valves
Rotary Valves
Control Valve End Connections
Valve Body Bonnets
Control Valve Packing
Characterization of Cage-Guided Valve Bodies
Valve Plug Guiding
Restricted-Capacity Control Valve Trim
Actuators60
4. Control Valve Accessories65
Positioners
Other Control Valve Accessories
Limit Switches
Solenoid Valve Manifold
Supply Pressure Regulator
Pneumatic Lock-Up Systems
Fail-Safe Systems for Piston Actuators
Electro-Pneumatic Transducers
Electro-Pneumatic Valve Positioners
PC Diagnostic Software
5. Control Valve Selection
Valve Body Materials
Designations for the High Nickel Alloys
Pressure-Temperature Ratings for Standard Class
ASTM A216 Grade WCC Valves
Pressure-Temperature Ratings for ASTM A216 Cast Iron, ASTM B61 and B62 Cast Bronze Valves
Class Designation and PN Numbers
Face–to Face Dimensions
Wear & Galling Resistance Chart Of Material Combinations
Control Valve Seat Leakage Classifications
Class VI Maximum Seat Leakage Allowable
Typical Valve Trim Material Temperature Limits
Service Temperature Limitations for Elastomers
Ambient Temperature Corrosion Information
Elastomer Information Fluid Compatibility
Control Valve Flow Characteristics
Selection of Flow Characteristic
Valve Sizing
Sizing Valves for Liquids
Abbreviations and Terminology
Equation Constants
Determining Fp, the Piping Geometry Factor
Determining qmax (the Maximum Flow Rate) or Pmax (the Allowable Sizing Pressure Drop)
Liquid Sizing Sample Problem
Sizing Valves for Compressible Fluids
Determining xTP, the Pressure Drop Ratio Factor
Representative Sizing Coefficients for Single–Ported
Globe Style Valve Bodies
Representative Sizing Coefficients for Rotary Shaft Valves
Actuator Sizing
Rotary Actuator Sizing
Typical Rotary Shaft Valve Torque Factors
V–Notch Ball Valve with Composition Seal
High Performance Butterfly Valve with Composition Seal
Non-Destructive Test Procedures
Cavitation and Flashing
Choked Flow Causes Flashing and Cavitation
Valve Selection for Flashing Service, Valve Selection for Cavitation Service
Noise Prediction, Noise Control, Noise Summary
Packing Selection Guidelines
6. Special Control Valves
High Capacity Control Valves
Low Flow Control Valves
High-Temperature Control Valves
Cryogenic Service Valves
Customized Characteristics and Noise Abatement Trims
Control Valves for Nuclear Service in the USA
Valves Subject to Sulfide Stress Cracking
7. Steam Conditioning Valves
Understanding Desuperheating
Typical Desuperheater Designs
Understanding Steam Conditioning Valves
Steam Conditioning Valve Designs
Feedforward Design
Manifold Design
Pressure-Reduction-Only Design
Understanding Turbine Bypass Systems
Turbine Bypass System Components
8. Installation and Maintenance
Proper Storage and Protection
Proper Installation Techniques
Control Valve Maintenance
Reactive Maintenance
Preventive Maintenance
Predictive Maintenance
Actuator Diaphragm
Stem Packing
Seat Rings
Bench Set
9. Standards and Approvals
Control Valve Standards
American Petroleum Institute (API)
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
European Committee for Standardization (CEN)
Fluid Controls Institute (FCI)
Instrument Society of America (ISA)
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
International Standards Organization (ISO)
Manufacturers Standardization Society (MSS)
NACE International
Product Approvals for Hazardous (Classified) Locations
North American Approvals
Approval Agencies
Types of Protection
Nomenclature
Hazardous Location Classification
Temperature Code
NEMA Enclosure Rating
CSA Enclosure Ratings
Intrinsically Safe Apparatus
Loop Schematic (Control Drawing)
Comparison of Protection Techniques
Intrinsically Safe Technique
Dust Ignition–proof Technique
Non–Incendive Technique
European and Asia/Pacific Approvals
10. Engineering Data
Standard Specifications For Valve Materials
Valve Materials Properties for Pressure–Containing Components
Physical Constants of Hydrocarbons
Specific Heat Ratio (K)
Physical Constants of Various Fluids
Refrigerant 717 (Ammonia)
Properties of Water,Saturated Steam,Superheated Steam
Velocity of Liquids in Pipe
Flow of Water Through Schedule 40 Steel Pipe
Flow of Air Through Schedule 40 Steel Pipe
Calculations for Pipe Other than Schedule 40
11. Pipe Data.
Pipe Engagement
Carbon and Alloy Steel – Stainless Steel
American Pipe Flange Dimensions – Diameter of Bolt CircleInches
American Pipe Flange Dimensions – Number of Stud Bolts and Diameter in Inches
American Pipe Flange Dimensions – Flange Diameter–Inches
DIN Standards
American Pipe Flange Dimensions – Flange Thickness for Flange Fittings
DIN Cast Steel Flange Standard
12. Conversions and Equivalents
Length Equivalents
Whole Inch–Millimeter Equivalents
Fractional Inches To Millimeters
Additional Fractional/Decimal Inch–Millimeter Equivalents
Area Equivalents
Volume Equivalents
Volume Rate Equivalents
Mass Conversion—Pounds to Kilograms
Pressure Equivalents
Pressure Conversion—Pounds per Square Inch to Bar
Temperature Conversion Formulas
Temperature Conversions
A.P.I. and Baumé Gravity Tables and Weight Factors
Equivalent Volume and Weight Flow Rates of Compressible Fluids
Viscosity Conversion Nomograph
Other Useful Conversions
Metric Prefixes and Symbols

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Modern Signal Processing

File : pdf, 6.12 MB, 317 pages

TOC
Introduction
Hyperbolic Geometry,Nehari`s Theorem,Electric Circuits,and Analog
Signal Processing
Engineering Applications of the Motion-Group Fourier Transform
FastX-Ray and Beam let Transforms for Three-Dimensional Data
Fourier Analysis and Phylogenetic Trees
Diffuse Tomography as a Source of Challenging Nonlinear Inverse
Problems for a General Class o Networks
An Invitation to Matrix-valued Spherical Functions
Image Registration for MRI
Image Compression: The Mathematics of JPEG2000
Integrated Sensing and Processing for Statistical Pattern Recognition
Sampling of Functions and Sections for Compact Groups
The Cooley-Tukey FFT and Group Theory
Signal Processing in Optic Fibers
The Generalized Spike Process, Sparsity and Statistical Independence

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Interior Electrical Systems

File : pdf, 1.78 MB, 279 pages

TOC
1. General
1-1 PURPOSE
1-2 SCOPE
1-3 REFERENCES
1-4 CODES AND STANDARDS
1-5 SYMBOLS
1-6 APPLICABILITY
1-7 MANUAL CONTENT AND ORGANIZATION
PRELIMINARY AND DETAILED DESIGN ANALYSIS
2-1 PRELIMINARY DESIGN
2-1.1 Principal Points of Contact
2-1.2 Preliminary Design Guidance for Interior Electrical Systems
2-1.3 Unified Facilities Guide Specifications
2-2 ELECTRICAL LOAD CRITERIA
2-3 OVERVIEW OF DETAILED ANALYSIS CRITERIA
2-4 SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
2-4.1 Analysis and Equipment Criteria
2-4.2 Short Circuit Sources
2-4.3 Symmetrical Versus Asymmetrical Current
2-4.4 Short Circuit Calculations
2-5 POWER FLOW ANALYSIS
2-6 VOLTAGE DROP ANALYSIS
2-6.1 Voltage Drop Calculations
2-6.2 Motor Starting Studies
2-7 ELECTRICAL COORDINATION
2-8 POWER QUALITY AND HARMONIC DISTORTION
2-9 LIGHTING
2-10 ENERGY ANALYSIS
2-10.1 Overview
2-10.2 New Facility Criteria
2-10.3 Existing Facilities
2-10.4 Energy Efficiency Design Opportunities in the Electrical System
2-11 LIFE-CYCLE COST ANALYSIS
2-12 ELECTRICAL DRAWINGS
2-12.1 Introduction
2-12.2 One-Line Diagrams
2-12.3 Switchgear Lineups
2-12.4 MCC Layouts
2-12.5 Grounding
2-12.6 Control Panel Wiring Diagrams
2-12.7 Control Schematics
2-12.8 Miscellaneous Interconnection Diagrams
2-12.9 Equipment Layouts with Conduit or Cable Tray
2-12.10 Panel Schedules
2-12.11 Lighting and Receptacle Layouts
2-12.12 Motor List
2-12.13 Conduit or Cable Schedule
GENERAL POWER SYSTEM CRITERIA
3-1 CHARACTERISTICS
3-1.1 Voltage
3-1.2 Frequency
3-1.3 Power Factor
3-1.4 Neutral Conductor Grounding
3-2 NORMAL POWER SOURCE
3-3 ALTERNATE AND BACKUP POWER SOURCE
3-4 SERVICES
POWER DISTRIBUTION AND UTILIZATION—TRANSFORMERS
4-1 RATINGS
4-1.1 Introduction
4-1.2 Voltage and Current
4-1.3 Temperature and kVA
4-1.4 Impedance
4-1.5 Number of Phases
4-1.6 Transformer Taps
4-1.7 Noise
4-1.8 Basic Impulse Insulation Levels (BILs)
4-2 LOW VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS
4-3 MEDIUM VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS
4-4 OTHER TRANSFORMERS
4-4.1 Isolation Transformers
4-4.2 Buck-Boost Transformers
4-4.3 K-Factor Transformers
4-4.4 Specialty Transformers
4-5 TRANSFORMER INSTALLATION CRITERIA
4-5.1 Introduction
4-5.2 Dry-Type Transformers
4-5.3 Less-Flammable, Liquid-Insulated, and Oil-Insulated Transformers
4-5.4 Fire Protection Criteria
4-6 TRANSFORMER SIZING
4-7 INFORMATION SOURCES
CHAPTER 5 POWER DISTRIBUTION AND UTILIZATION—SWITCHGEAR, LOAD CENTERS, AND BREAKERS
5-1 SERVICE ENTRANCE
5-2 SWITCHGEAR AND SWITCHBOARDS GENERAL CRITERIA
5-3 HIGH VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR
5-4 MEDIUM VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR
5-4.1 Ratings
5-4.2 Low Voltage Conductors in Medium Voltage Switchgear
5-5 LOW VOLTAGE BREAKERS AND PANELS
5-6 MOTOR CONTROL CENTERS
5-7 DISCONNECT SWITCHES
5-8 CIRCUIT LOCKOUT REQUIREMENTS
5-9 INFORMATION SOURCES
CHAPTER 6 POWER DISTRIBUTION AND UTILIZATION—RACEWAY AND WIRING
6-1 RACEWAY CRITERIA
6-2 WIRING SYSTEM CRITERIA
6-3 SIZING WIRING SYSTEMS FOR ENERGY SAVINGS
6-4 CONVENIENCE OUTLETS AND RECEPTACLES
6-5 WIRING FOR TEMPORARY POWER AND LIGHTING
6-6 ACCEPTANCE TESTING OF WIRING SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 7 POWER DISTRIBUTION AND UTILIZATION—MOTORS AND MOTOR CONTROL CIRCUITS
7-1 BASIC MOTOR CRITERIA
7-2 MOTOR CONTROL CIRCUITS
7-3 ADJUSTABLE SPEED DRIVES
CHAPTER 8 POWER DISTRIBUTION AND UTILIZATION—OTHER DESIGN CRITERIA
8-1 ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT CLEARANCES AND GUARDS
8-1.1 Background
8-1.2 Equipment Rated 600 Volts and Lower
8-1.3 Equipment Rated Above 600 Volts
8-2 ENCLOSURES
8-3 HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS
8-4 400-HERTZ DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
8-5 METERING
8-6 POWER FACTOR CORRECTION
CHAPTER 9 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM PROTECTION AND COORDINATION
9-1 PROTECTION SYSTEM DESIGN
9-2 ELECTRICAL COORDINATION ANALYSIS CRITERIA
9-2.1 Introduction
9-2.2 Coordination Study Description
9-2.3 Coordination Time Intervals
9-2.4 Pickup Current
9-2.5 Coordination Curves
9-2.6 Coordination Analysis
9-2.7 Coordination Study Report
9-3 PROTECTIVE RELAYS
9-4 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS
9-4.1 Background
9-4.2 Current Transformers
9-4.3 Potential Transformers
9-5 FUSES
9-6 OVERLOAD RELAYS
9-7 CIRCUIT BREAKERS
9-8 PROTECTIVE DEVICE DESIGNATIONS
9-9 INFORMATION SOURCES
CHAPTER 10 GROUNDING, BONDING, AND LIGHTNING PROTECTION
10-1 INTRODUCTION
10-2 NEC GROUNDING AND BONDING REQUIREMENTS
10-3 STATIC PROTECTION
10-4 COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS GROUNDING AND BONDING
10-4.1 Introduction
10-4.2 Connection to the Grounding Electrode
10-4.3 Commercial Building Grounding and Bonding Requirements for Telecommunications
10-5 LIGHTNING PROTECTION
10-6 INFORMATION SOURCES
CHAPTER 11 SURGE PROTECTION
11-1 INTRODUCTION
11-2 SURGE PROTECTION DESIGN
11-2.1 Parallel Versus Series Approach
11-2.2 Multiple Layer Protection Design
11-3 INSTALLATION CRITERIA
11-3.1 Minimizing Lead Length for Parallel Surge Protectors
11-3.2 Breaker Connection
11-3.3 Grounding
11-3.4 Acceptance Tests
11-3.5 Periodic Maintenance
11-4 SURGE PROTECTION FOR COMMUNICATIONS AND RELATED SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 12 POWER SYSTEM QUALITY
12-1 INTRODUCTION
12-2 UNBALANCED VOLTAGES
12-3 HARMONIC DISTORTION EVALUATION
12-4 HARMONIC CURRENT EFFECTS ON TRANSFORMERS
12-5 POWER QUALITY DESIGN
12-6 NONLINEAR LOAD DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
12-7 NEUTRAL CIRCUIT SIZING FOR NONLINEAR LOADS
12-7.1 Potential Neutral Current Magnitudes
12-7.2 Installation Design Criteria
12-8 INFORMATION SOURCES
CHAPTER 13 EMERGENCY AND STANDBY POWER SYSTEMS
13-1 ESTABLISHING THE NEED FOR BACKUP POWER
13-2 CLASSIFYING EMERGENCY POWER LOADS
13-3 ENGINE GENERATORS
13-4 UPS SYSTEMS
13-4.1 Introduction
13-4.2 Selection and Performance
13-4.3 Sizing
13-4.4 Selection of a Large UPS System or Multiple Smaller UPS Systems
13-4.5 Design Criteria
13-4.6 Site Survey for an Installation
13-5 AUTOMATIC TRANSFER EQUIPMENT
13-5.1 Introduction
13-5.2 Transfer Methods
13-5.3 Design Considerations
13-5.4 Static Transfer Switches
13-5.5 Sizing
13-5.6 Effect of Motor Loads
13-5.7 Maintaining Ground Fault Protection
13-5.8 Additional System Design Considerations
13-5.9 Information Sources
CHAPTER 14 STATIONARY BATTERY SYSTEMS
14-1 STATIONARY BATTERIES
14-1.1 Selection
14-1.2 Battery Areas and Battery Racks
14-1.3 Installation Design Considerations
14-2 BATTERY CHARGERS
14-3 BATTERY PROTECTION
CHAPTER 15 LIGHTING
15-1 LIGHTING DESIGN CRITERIA
CHAPTER 16 COMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS
16-1 INTRODUCTION
16-2 ARMY DESIGN CRITERIA
16-3 NAVY DESIGN CRITERIA
16-4 AIR FORCE DESIGN CRITERIA
CHAPTER 17 AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
17-1 FIRE ALARM AND DETECTION SYSTEMS
17-2 SECURITY SYSTEMS
17-3 TELEVISION SYSTEMS
17-4 CLOCK SYSTEMS
17-5 ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 18 FACILITY-SPECIFIC DESIGN CRITERIA
18-1 MEDICAL FACILITIES
18-2 POWER DISTRIBUTION FOR AIRCRAFT HANGARS (SHELTERS)
18-3 HIGH-ALTITUDE ELECTROMAGNETIC PULSE (HEMP) AND TEMPEST PROTECTION
18-4 SEISMICALLY QUALIFIED DESIGNS
18-5 TROPICAL ENGINEERING
18-6 ARCTIC ENGINEERING
18-7 GENERAL FACILITY TYPES

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Electrical Power Supply and Distribution

File : pdf, 1.6 MB, 125 pages

TOC
1. GENERAL
Purpose
Scope
References
Standards and Codes
Power Supply Design Criteria
Electrical Power Sytems
Design Procedures
Evaluation and Selection of Energy Systems
Design Analysis
Service Conditions
Explanation of Abbreviations and Terms
2. ELECTRICAL POWER REQUIREMENTS
General
Load Estimation
3. VOLTAGE SELECTION
General
System Voltage Classifications
Selection of Primary Distribution Voltage for New Installations
Selection of Primary Distribution Voltage for Existing Installations
Commercial Power for Air Force Installations
Selection of Primary Distribution Voltage for Air Force Installations
4. MAIN ELECTRIC SUPPLY STATIONS/SUBSTATIONS
Provisions
Ownership
Station Designation and Elements
Main Electric Supply Station/Substation
Environmental Aspects
Incoming Line Switching Equipment
Substation Equipment
Miscellaneous Station Design Criteria
Substation Equipment at Air Force Installations
5. ELECTRIC DISTRIBUTION LINES
Selection
Types of Underground Lines
Types of Aerial Lines
Voltage Drop
Power Factor Correction
Medium-Voltage Circuits
Pad-Mounted Line Sectionalizing Equipment
Joint Electrical/Communication Lines for Air Force Installation
6. AERIAL DISTRIBUTION LINES
General
Installation Considerations
Conductors
Poles
Circuit Configurations
Insulators
Guying
Miscellaneous Items
Air Force Installations
7. UNDERGROUND DISTRIBUTION LINES
General
Cable
Duct Lines
Manholes, Handholes, and Pullboxes
Direct-Burial Cable Installations
8. TRANSFORMER INSTALLATIONS
Definitions
Installation of Distribution-to-Utilization Voltage Transformers
Installation of Transmission-to-Distribution Voltage Transformers
Transformer Dielectrics
Transformer Characteristics
Amorphous Metal-Core Transformers
Transformers at Air Force Installations
9. SURGE PROTECTION AND GROUNDING
Voltage Surges and Potential Gradients
Methods of Controlling Voltage Surges and Potential Gradients
Ground Electrodes
Grounding Details and Requirements
10. ROADWAY AND AREA LIGHTING
General
Roadway Lighting Design
Area Lighting Design
Walkway and Bikeway Lighting Design
Light Sources
Lighting Control and Wiring System
11. SECURITY LIGHTING
General
Authorization
Use of Security Lighting Systems
Types of Areas to be Lighted
Lighting Guidelines
Light Sources
Electrical Power Sources
Luminaries
Wiring and Control
Field Measurement

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Cathodic Protection

File : pdf, 578 KB, 61 pages TOC 1. INTRODUCTION TO CATHODIC PROTECTION Purpose References Corrosion Cathodic protection Types of cathodic protection systems 2. CATHODIC PROTECTION DESIGN Required information Determining the type and design of cathodic protection system APPENDIX A SOIL RESISTIVITY MEASUREMENT B CURRENT REQUIREMENT TESTING C EXAMPLES OF GALVANIC CATHODIC PROTECTION DESIGN D EXAMPLES OF IMPRESSED CURRENT CATHODIC PROTECTION DESIGN E SPECIFICATIONS FOR CERAMIC ANODE F RECTIFIER CURRENT INTERFERENCE LIST OF FIGURES 1-1 Corrosion of a pipeline due to localized anode and cathode sites 1-2. Galvanic and impressed current systems for cathodic protection 2-1. Design sequence for cathodic protection systems A-1. Wenner four-pin method for measuring resistivity A-2. Soil box for soil resistivity measurements B-1. Current requirement test on pipelines C-1. Galvanic anode cathodic protection for hydrant refueling system C-2. Galvanic anode cathodic protection for underground steel storage tank C-5. Layout of gas piping in residential district D-l. Cathodic protection system for gas main D-2. Impressed current cathodic protection for heating conduit system D-3. Cathodic protection for black iron hot water storage tank D-4. Fringe factor for stub anodes D-5. Dimensions for an elevated steel water tank D-6. Cathodic protection for tanks using rigid-mounted button-type anodes and platinized titanium wire D-7. Segmented elevated tank for area calculations D-8. Anode spacing for elevated steel water tank D-9. Anode suspension arrangement for elevated steel water tank D-10. Equivalent diameter factor for anodes in a circule in water tank

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Electrical Engineering Cathodic Protection

File : pdf, 2.15 MB, 319 pages TOC Section 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Scope. 1.2 Cancellation. 1.3 Related Technical Documents. Section 2 CATHODIC PROTECTION CONCEPTS 2.1 Corrosion as an Electrochemical Process. 2.2 The Electrochemical Basis for Cathodic Protection. 2.3 Practical Application of Cathodic Protection. 2.3.1 When Cathodic Protection Should Be Considered. 2.3.2 Functional Requirements for Cathodic Protection 2.4 Sacrificial Anode Systems. 2.4.1 Anode Materials. 2.4.2 Connection to Structure. 2.4.3 Other Requirements. 2.5 Impressed Current Systems. Section 3 CRITERIA FOR CATHODIC PROTECTION 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Electrical Criteria. 3.3 Interpretation of Structure-to-Electrolyte Potential Readings. 3.4 Failure Rate Analysis. 3.5 Nondestructive Testing of Facility. 3.6 Consequences of Underprotection. 3.7 Consequences of Overprotection. 3.7.1 Coating Disbondment. 3.7.2 Hydrogen Embrittlement. Section 4 CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEM DESIGN PRINCIPLES 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 General Design Procedures. 4.3 Determination of Field Data. 4.3.1 Determination of Electrolyte Resistivity 4.3.2 Chemical Analysis of the Environment 4.3.3 Coating Conductance. 4.3.4 Continuity Testing. 4.3.5 Insulation Testing. 4.4 Corrosion Survey Checklist. Section 5 PRECAUTIONS FOR CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEM DESIGN 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Excessive Currents and Voltages. 5.2.1 Interference. 5.2.2 Effects of High Current Density. 5.2.3 Effects of Electrolyte pH. 5.3 Hazards Associated with Cathodic Protection. 5.3.1 Explosive Hazards. 5.3.2 Bonding for Electrical Safety. 5.3.3 Induced Alternating Currents. Section 6 IMPRESSED CURRENT SYSTEM 6.1 Advantages of Impressed Current Cathodic Protection Systems. 6.2 Determination of Circuit Resistance. 6.2.1 Anode-to-Electrolyte Resistance. 6.2.2 Structure-to-Electrolyte Resistance. 6.2.3 Connecting Cable Resistance. 6.2.4 Resistance of Connections and Splices. 6.3 Determination of Power Supply Requirements. 6.4 Selection of Power Supply Type. 6.5 Rectifier Selection. 6.6 Anodes for Impressed Current Systems. 6.7 Other System Components. 6.7.1 Connecting Cables. 6.7.2 Wire Splices and Connections. 6.7.3 Test Stations. 6.7.4 Bonds. 6.7.5 Insulating Joints. Section 7 SACRIFICIAL ANODE SYSTEM DESIGN 7.1 Theory of Operation. 7.2 Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection System Design Procedures. 7.3 Determination of Current Required for Protection. 7.4 Determination of Anode Output. 7.5 Determination of Number of Anodes Required. 7.6 Determination of Anode Life. 7.7 Seasonal Variation in Anode Output. 7.8 Sacrificial Anode Materials 7.9 Other System Components Section 8 TYPICAL CATHODIC PROTECTION 8.1 Diagrams of Cathodic Protection Systems. Section 9 CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEM DESIGN EXAMPLES 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Elevated Steel Water Tank. 9.3 Elevated Water Tank (Where Ice is Expected). 9.4 Steel Gas Main. 9.5 Gas Distribution System. 9.6 Black Iron, Hot Water Storage Tank. 9.7 Underground Steel Storage Tank. 9.8 Heating Distribution System. 9.9 Aircraft Multiple Hydrant Refueling System. 9.10 Steel Sheet Piling in Seawater (Galvanic nodes). 9.11 Steel Sheet Piling in Seawater (Impressed Current 9.12 Steel H Piling in Seawater (Galvanic Anodes). 9.13 Steel H Piling in Seawater (Impressed Current). Section 10 INSTALLATION AND CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES 10.1 Factors to Consider. 10.2 Planning of Construction. 10.3 Pipeline Coating. 10.4 Coatings for Other Structures. 10.5 Pipeline Installation. 10.6 Electrical Connections. 10.7 Test Stations. 10.8 Sacrificial Anode Installation. 10.9 Impressed Current Anode Installation. 10.10 Impressed Current Rectifier Installation. Section 11 SYSTEM CHECKOUT AND INITIAL ADJUSTMENTS 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Initial Potential Survey. 11.3 Detection and Correction of Interference. 11.4 Adjustment of Impressed Current Systems. 11.5 Adjustment of Sacrificial Anode Systems. Section 12 MAINTAINING CATHODIC PROTECTION 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Required Periodic Monitoring and Maintenance. 12.3 Design Data Required for System Maintenance. 12.4 Basic Maintenance Requirements. 12.5 Guidance for Maintenance Section 13 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 13.1 Importance of Economic Analysis. 13.2 Economic Analysis Process. 13.3 Design of Cathodic Protection Systems. 13.4 Economic Analysis - Example 1 Section 14 CORROSION COORDINATING COMMITTEE PARTICIPATION

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Diesel Electric Generating Plants

File : pdf, 769 KB, 104 pages

TOC
Section 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Scope
1.2 Diesel-Electric Generating Plant Types
1.3 Definitive Designs and Guide Specification
1.4 Usage
Section 2 POLICY
2.1 Diesel-Electric Generating Plant Design
2.2 Sources of Electric Power
2.3 Duty Types and Loads
2.4 Planning Considerations
2.5 Commercial Versus Government Ownership (Prime Duty Only)
2.6 Fuel Selections
2.7 Reliability and Maintainability
2.8 Economic Studies
Section 3 INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR DESIGN
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Electrical Loads
3.3 Duty and Capacity Requirements for Electric Generating Plants
3.4 Plant Location Factors
3.5 Cogeneration Information
3.6 Checklist for Facility Interfaces
Section 4 COGENERATION CONSIDERATIONS
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Design Considerations
4.3 Heat Recovery Applications
Section 5 DEFINITIVE DESIGNS FOR DIESEL-ELECTRIC GENERATING PLANTS
5.1 Definitive Diesel-Electric Generating Plants
5.2 Criteria for Unit and Plant Capacities
5.3 Selection of Unit Capacity
5.3.1 Ability to Serve Load Under Abnormal Conditions
5.3.2 Load Shedding
5.3.3 Spinning Reserve
5.3.4 Type of Load Served
5.4 Fuel Selection
Section 6 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS, EXCITATION, AND REGULATION
6.1 General
6.2 Synchronous Generators
6.3 Excitation and Voltage Regulation
6.4 Paralleling and Synchronizing
Section 7 ENGINE CONTROLS AND INSTRUMENTS
7.1 General
7.2 Speed Governing System
7.3 Controls
7.4 Instrumentation
Section 8 GENERATOR CONTROLS AND PROTECTION
8.1 Control Capabilities
8.2 Control Locations
8.3 Operating Control Requirements
8.4 Generator Protection
Section 9 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION FOR DIESEL-ELECTRIC GENERATING PLANTS
9.1 Building Construction
9.2 Single-Level Diesel-Electric Generating Plant Layout
9.3 Two-Level Diesel-Electric Generating Plant Layout
Section 10 NONSTANDARD DIESEL-ELECTRIC GENERATING PLANTS
10.1 Conditions for Nonstandard Plant Selection
10.2 Gasoline Engine Electric Generators
10.3 Gaseous and Dual Fuel Engines
10.3.1 Gas Heating Value
10.3.2 Wet Gas Treatment
10.3.3 Gas Supply Shut-Off
10.3.4 Gas Pressure
Section 11 WATER CONDITIONING
Section 12 PIPING
Section 13 INSULATION
Section 14 CORROSION PROTECTION
Section 15 MISCELLANEOUS CRITERIA
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Steam Power Plants

File : pdf, 1.38 MB, 313 pages

TOC
Section 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Scope
1.2 Cancellation
1.3 Policy
Section 2 BASIC DATA
2.1 Economic Analysis
2.2 Economic Studies
2.3 Source of Power
2.4 Private Versus Government Ownership
2.5 Expansion, Rehabilitation, and Replacement of Existing Plants
2.6 Fuel Selection
2.7 Codes and Regulations
2.8 Plant Location Factors
2.9 Types of Power Plants
Section 3 ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE TO DEVELOP A POWER PLANT
3.1 Power Plant Loads
3.2 Steam Power Plant Design
3.3 Plant Design Factors
Section 4 POWER PLANT STEAM GENERATION
4.1 Steam Generators (Boilers)
4.2 Steam Pressures and Temperatures
4.3 Natural Gas Firing
4.4 Fuel Oil Firing
4.5 Coal Firing
4.6 Wood Firing
4.7 Soot Blowers
4.8 Economizers
4.9 Air Heaters
4.10 Forced Draft Fans
4.11 Induced Draft Fans
4.12 Primary Air Fans
4.13 Overfire Air Fans
4.14 Cinder Return Fans
4.15 Stacks
4.16 Blowdown Equipment
4.17 Essential Plant Equipment
4.18 Equipment Selection
Section 5 STEAM TURBINE DESIGN
5.1 Typical Plants and Cycles
5.2 Cogeneration in Steam Power Plants
5.3 Turbine Types
5.4 Turbine Generator Sizes
5.5 Turbine Throttle Pressure and Temperature
5.6 Turbine Exhaust Pressure
5.7 Lubricating Oil Systems
5.8 Generator Types
5.9 Generator Cooling
5.10 Turbine Generator Control
5.11 Turning Gear
5.12 Turbine Generator Foundations
5.13 Auxiliary Equipment
5.14 Installation
5.15 Cleanup, Startup, and Testing
5.16 Operation
Section 6 GENERATOR AND ELECTRICAL FACILITIES DESIGN
6.1 Typical Voltage Ratings and Systems
6.2 Generators
6.3 Generator Leads and Switchyard
Section 7 STEAM CONDENSERS
7.1 Condenser Types
7.2 Condenser Sizes
7.3 Condenser Materials
7.4 Condenser Support
7.5 Condenser Air Removal
Section 8 AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT
8.1 Condensate Storage and Transfer
8.2 Feedwater Heaters
8.3 Heater Drain Pumps
8.4 Deaerators
8.5 Boiler Feed Pumps
8.6 Pressure Reducing and Desuperheating Stations
8.7 Compressed Air System
8.8 Auxiliary Cooling Water System
Section 9 COAL HANDLING
9.1 Unloading Systems
9.2 Coal Crushing
9.3 Coal Storage
9.4 Coal Reclaiming
9.5 Plant Bunker or Silo Storage
9.6 Bunker or Silo Filling Systems
9.7 Coal Scales
9.8 Magnetic Separators
9.9 Coal Sampling
Section 10 ASH HANDLING
10.1 Ash Handling Systems
10.2 Bottom Ash Hoppers
10.3 Clinker Crushers
10.4 Ash Storage
Section 11 CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION
11.1 Types of Controls and Control Systems
11.2 Steam Power Plant Controls
11.3 Safety Devices and Interlocks
11.4 Control Loops
11.5 Flow meters
11.6 Pressure Gauges
11.7 Temperature Sensors
11.8 Transmitters
11.9 Recorders
11.10 Controllers
11.11 Operators
11.12 Positioners
11.13 Control Room
Section 12 WATER SUPPLY, MAKEUP, AND TREATMENT
12.1 Water Supply
12.2 Water Makeup
12.3 Water Treatment
12.4 Cooling Water Systems
12.5 Intake Structures
12.6 Outfall Structures
12.7 Cooling Towers
12.8 Cooling Water System Chemical Treatment
Section 13 CORROSION PROTECTION
13.1 Justification
13.2 Causes
13.3 Corrosion Controls
Section 14 SAFETY PROTECTION
14.1 Personnel
14.2 Piping and Equipment
14.3 Air Navigation
14.4 Security
Section 15 FIRE PROTECTION
15.1 General Requirements
15.2 Fuel
15.3 Transformers
15.4 Lubricating and Hydrogen Seal Oil Equipment
15.5 Standpipe and Fire Hose Stations
15.6 Portable Hand-Held Extinguishers
15.7 Typical Fire Protection Systems for Power Plants
Section 16 MISCELLANEOUS
16.1 Piping
16.2 Insulation, Lagging, and Jacketing
16.3 Freeze Protection
16.4 Pipe Supports
16.5 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning
16.6 Cranes and Hoists
16.7 Metering
16.8 Drainage
16.9 Seismic Design Criteria
16.10 Architectural Criteria
16.11 Structural Criteria
16.12 Electrical Criteria
16.13 Operation and Maintenance Manuals
Section 17 POLLUTION CONTROL
17.1 Air Quality Control
17.2 Water Quality Control
17.3 Oil Spill Control
17.4 Solid Waste Disposal
Section 18 ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS AND PERMITTING
18.1 Air Quality Regulations
18.2 Water Quality Regulations
18.3 Solid Waste Disposal
18.4 Dredge and Fill Regulations
18.5 Permits
Section 19 TESTING
19.1 Equipment Testing
19.2 Preparations for Tests
19.3 Test Equipment and Materials
Section 20 LOAD SHEDDING
20.1 Objectives of Load Shedding Program
20.2 Requirements for Load Reduction
20.3 Methods of Load Shedding
20.4 Electrical Usage and Critcality
Section 21 POWER PLANT COGENERATION
21.1 Definition
21.2 Cycles
21.3 Efficiency
21.4 Methods of Operation
21.5 Interconnection with Utility
21.6 Economics
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Security Engineering : Electronic Security System

File : pdf, 2.27 MB, 150 pages
TOC
CHAPT 1  INTRODUCTION
1-1  PURPOSE
1-2  SCOPE
1-3  REFERENCES
1-4  GLOSSARY
1-5  SECURITY ENGINEERING UFC SERIES
1-6  ORGANIZATION OF THIS UFC
CHAPT 2  ELECTRONIC SECURITY SYSTEM OVERVIEW
2-1  OVERVIEW
2-2  DETECT, DELAY, AND RESPOND
2-3  ESTABLISH REQUIREMENTS
2-4  SYSTEM COMPLEXITY
2-5  MONITORING METHODS
CHAPT 3   ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEMS
3-1  OVERVIEW
3-2  ACS ENTRY-AUTHORIZATION IDENTIFIERS
3-3  OTHER ACS IMPLEMENTATION CONSIDERATIONS
3-4  ACS EQUIPMENT
3-5  ACS DESIGN GUIDANCE
CHAPT 4   CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION SYSTEMS
4-1  OVERVIEW
4-2  DIGITAL VIDEO RECORDER (DVR)
4-3  SYSTEM DISPLAYS
4-4  VIDEO MATRIX SWITCHERS
4-5  KEYBOARDS
4-6  CAMERAS
4-7  INTERNET PROTOCOL (IP) ADDRESSABLE CAMERAS
4-8  RECORDING
4-9  ILLUMINATION
4-10  VIEWING IN LOW-LIGHT CONDITIONS
4-11  POWER
4-12  CAMERA FIELDS-OF-VIEW
4-13  RESOLUTION
4-14  FRAMES PER SECOND (FPS)
4-15  BANDWIDTH
4-16  WHITE BALANCE
4-17  CCTV CAMERA EMPLOYMENT FOR INTRUSION DETECTION
4-18  CCTV EQUIPMENT CONSIDERATIONS
4-19  CCTV SYSTEMS DESIGN GUIDANCE
CHAPT 5   INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM
5-1  OVERVIEW
5-2  CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
5-3  INTERIOR SENSORS
5-4  EXTERIOR SENSORS
5-5  SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
5-6  IDS DESIGN GUIDANCE
5-7  SUMMARY
CHAPT 6   DATA TRANSMISSION MEDIA (DTM)
6-1  INTRODUCTION
6-2  BANDWIDTH ANALYSIS
6-3  SECURE COMMUNICATIONS
6-4  NETWORK TOPOGRAPHY
6-5  COMMUNICATION REDUNDANCY
6-6  TRANSMISSION MODES/PROTOCOLS
6-7  TRANSMISSION MEDIA
6-8  TECHNOLOGY COMPARISION
6-9  ENCRYPTION
CHAPT 7   DISPATCH CENTER
7-1  INTRODUCTION
7-2  SPACE
7-3  LIGHTING
7-4  CONSOLES
7-5  MONITORS
7-6  GROUNDING/POWER CONDITIONING
7-7  HVAC
7-8  SUPPORT ROOMS
CHAPT 8  ESS SUBSYSTEM INTEGRATION
8-1  OVERVIEW
8-2  COMMUNICATION FROM THE IDS TO THE ACS
8-3  COMMUNICATION FROM THE IDS TO THE CCTV SYSTEM
8-4  COMMUNICATION FROM THE CCTV SYSTEM TO THE ACS
8-5  COMMUNICATION FROM THE ACS TO THE DISPATCH CENTER
8-6  COMMUNICATION FROM THE DISPATCH CENTER TO THE ACS
8-7  BANDWIDTH ANALYSIS
CHAPT 9  GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND CROSS-DISCIPLINE COORDINATION
9-1  GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
9-2  GENERAL COORDINATION
9-3  CIVIL COORDINATION
9-4  ARCHITECTURAL COORDINATION
9-5  LIFE SAFETY CODE CONSIDERATIONS
9-6  ELECTRICAL COORDINATION
9-7  MATERIAL ENTRY CONTROL
CHAPT 10   MODEL DESIGN APPROACH
10-1  INTRODUCTION
10-2  PROJECT PLANNING
10-3  INITIAL DRAWING PREPARATION
10-4  BASIS OF DESIGN
10-5  SCHEMATIC DESIGN PHASE
10-6  DESIGN DEVELOPMENT PHASE
10-7  BIDDING
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Electrical Safety Operation & Maintenance

File : pdf, 2.2 MB, 225 pages TOC CHAPT 1 INTRODUCTION 1-1 PURPOSE 1-2 SCOPE 1-2.1 Voltage Classification 1-2.2 Need 1-2.3 Familiarity and Requirements 1-2.4 Mishap Prevention 1-2.5 Mishap Causes 1-2.6 Unclear Conditions 1-2.7 Applicability 1-2.8 Work Type 1-2.9 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) 1-3 REFERENCES 1-4 CODES, STANDARDS, AND PUBLICATIONS 1-5 VARIANCES FROM NORMAL SAFETY PRACTICES 1-6 WARNINGS AND NOTES 1-7 ELECTRICAL HAZARDS 1-7.1 Electrical Shock Dangers and Effects 1-7.2 Danger from Arcs and Blasts 1-7.3 Workplace Dangers 1-7.4 Health Hazards of Asbestos 1-8 MISHAP RESPONSE 1-9 COMMUNICATIONS CHAPT 2 WORKER/CREW RESPONSIBILITIES 2-1 LEVELS OF RESPONSIBILITY 2-2 ELECTRICAL WORKER QUALIFICATIONS 2-3 SAFETY MEETINGS 2-4 WORK SITE SAFETY 2-5 JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS/JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS 2-6 SAFETY COMPLIANCE CHAPT 3 PRE-SITE SAFETY MANAGEMENT 3-1 WORK LOCATION SAFETY REQUIREMENTS 3-1.1 Working Near Energized Circuits 3-1.2 Work Location 3-2 PUBLIC SAFETY 3-2.1 Warning Devices 3-2.2 Flagmen 3-2.3 Excavations 3-3 NUMBER OF WORKERS REQUIRED 3-4 VERIFYING SYSTEM AND EQUIPMENT PROVISIONS CHAPT 4 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT 4-1 INTRODUCTION 4-2 INSPECTION OF APPAREL, TOOLS, AND MATERIALS HANDLING EQUIPMENT 4-3 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE APPAREL 4-3.1 Applicable Documents 4-3.2 General Clothing Considerations 4-4 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT FOR ARC FLASH PROTECTION 4-5 AIR FORCE PPE REQUIREMENTS FOR HIGH-VOLTAGE OVERHEAD LINE WORK AT 69 KV (NOMINAL) OR LESS 4-6 CLOTHING PROHIBITIONS 4-7 SKIN PROTECTION 4-8 POLE/TREE CLIMBING AND FALL PROTECTION 4-8.1 Personal Protective Equipment 4-8.2 Climbing Personal Protective Equipment 4-8.3 Fall Protection Personal Protective Equipment CHAPT 5 WORK AREA PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS 5-1 INTRODUCTION 5-2 RUBBER PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT 5-3 ELEVATED WORK 5-4 LIVE-LINE (HOT-LINE) TOOLS 5-5 ELECTRICAL TESTING DEVICES 5-5.1 Electrical Testing Device Calibration 5-5.2 Voltage Detectors 5-5.3 Phasing Testers 5-5.4 Line Fault Locators 5-5.5 Insulator Testers 5-5.6 Leakage-Current Monitors 5-5.7 Combustible Gas/Oxygen Detectors CHAPT 6 ENERGY CONTROL (LOCKOUT/TAGOUT) 6-1 SAFE CLEARANCE AND LOCKOUT/TAGOUT PROCEDURES 6-2 ENERGY CONTROL (LOCKOUT/TAGOUT) 6-2.1 Low-Voltage Levels (600 Volts and Below) 6-2.2 High-Voltage Levels (>600 Volts to 69,000 Volts) 6-.3 INSPECTIONS AND TRAINING CHAPT 7 DEENERGIZED LINE GROUNDING 7-1 TEMPORARY GROUNDING 7-1.1 Testing 7-1.2 Installation Criteria 7-1.3 Temporary Grounding System Components 7-1.4 Equipotential Zone 7-1.5 Ground Connection and Electrodes 7-2 TEMPORARY GROUNDING OF SUBSTATION CURRENT-CARRYING EQUIPMENT COMPONENTS 7-3 AERIAL LIFT TRUCK VEHICLE GROUNDING 7-4 TEMPORARY GROUNDING OF UNDERGROUND LINES 7-5 OPENING OR SPLICING DEENERGIZED CONDUCTORS 7-6 GROUNDING FOR STRINGING AND REMOVING LINES 7-7 TEMPORARY GROUNDING OF AERIAL LINES CHAPT 8 ENERGIZED LINE WORK 8-1 WORK ON ENERGIZED CIRCUITS 8-2 ENERGIZED WORK RULES 8-2.1 Permitted Work 8-2.2 Personal Protective Equipment 8-2.3 Statement of Qualifications 8-2.4 Work Methods for Voltage Levels 8-2.5 Pre-Work Procedures 8-2.6 General Job-in-Progress Procedures CHAPTR 9 SUBSTATIONS AND SWITCHGEAR 9-1 SUBSTATION WORK 9-1.1 Purpose of Substation 9-1.2 Diagrams and Schematics 9-1.3 Engineering Guidance 9-1.4 System Operation 9-1.5 Abnormal Conditions 9-1.6 Defective Equipment 9-2 SWITCHING 9-2.1 Air Switches 9-2.2 Oil Switches 9-2.3 SF Switches 9-2.4 Oil-Filled Vacuum Switches 9-3 FUSES 9-3.1 Characteristics 9-3.2 Fuse Handling 9-3.3 Operation of Energized Fuses 9-3.4 Open Fuse Holder 9-3.5 Closed-Position Fuse Locking 9-3.6 Bypassing 9-4 ENERGY STORING PROTECTIVE DEVICES 9-4.1 Electrical Charge 9-4.2 Surge Arresters 9-4.3 Choke Coils 9-4.4 Capacitors 9-4.5 Coupling Capacitors 9-5 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS 9-5.1 Potential (Voltage) Transformers (PT) 9-5.2 Current Transformers (CT) 9-6 POWER TRANSFORMERS AND REGULATORS 9-6.1 Transformers (Power and Distribution) 9-6.2 Voltage Regulators 9-7 METALCLAD SWITCHGEAR 9-8 STATIONARY BATTERIES 9-8.1 Basis for Safety Requirements 9-8.2 Protective Equipment 9-8.3 Safety Precautions 9-9 INSULATING OIL HANDLING OPERATIONS CHAPT 10 AERIAL LINES 10-1 AERIAL LINE WORK 10-2 POLE HANDLING OPERATIONS 10-2.1 General 10-2.2 Pole Contact Precautions 10-2.3 Receiving Pole Shipment 10-2.4 Ground Handling 10-2.5 Long Term Pole Storage 10-2.6 Temporary Pole Storage 10-2.7 Hauling Poles 10-3 POLE INSTALLATION, REPLACEMENT, AND REMOVAL 10-4 CLIMBING AND WORKING ON POLES 10-4.1 General Rules 10-4.2 Pole Inspection Before Climbing 10-5 POLE CLIMBING EQUIPMENT 10-5.1 General Rules 10-5.2 Wooden Pole Climbing Equipment 10-5.3 Concrete and Steel Pole Climbing 10-6 POLE CLIMBING AND WORK PRECAUTIONS 10-7 CROSSING STRUCTURES 10-8 STRINGING OR REMOVING DEENERGIZED CONDUCTORS AND OVERHEAD GROUND WIRES 10-9 ENERGIZED WORK 10-10 STREET LIGHTING 10-10.1 Voltage Level 10-10.2 Clearance Requirements 10-10.3 Multiple Street Lighting Circuits 10-10.4 Series Street Lighting Circuits 10-10.5 Climbing Space 10-10.6 Time Switches 10-11 WORKING ON OR NEAR POLE-MOUNTED EQUIPMENT 10-11.1 Surge Arresters 10-11.2 Switches and Fuses 10-11.3 Capacitors 10-11.4 Power Transformers and Voltage Regulators 10-12 AERIAL ROPE 10-12.1 Conductivity 10-12.2 Terminology of Rope Use 10-12.3 Knots and Splices 10-12.4 Handline and Rope Line Precautions 10-12.5 Tackle Blocks 10-13 TOOLS 10-14 AERIAL LIFTS AND INSULATED BUCKETS 10-15 TREE TRIMMING AND BRUSH REMOVAL CHAPT 11 UNDERGROUND LINES 11-1 UNDERGROUND WORK 11-2 GENERAL PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS 11-3 CABLE PULLING 11-4 BURIED ELECTRICAL CABLES 11-5 DAMAGE TO EXISTING UTILITY LINES 11-6 PREPARING TO WORK UNDERGROUND 11-6.1 General Atmosphere Control Precautions Before Entry 11-6.2 Atmosphere Testing Before Entering Underground Structures 11-6.3 Atmospheric Test Equipment 11-6.4 Stray Electrical Voltage Testing 11-6.5 Pumping a Manhole 11-6.6 Removal of Duct Plugs 11-6.7 Emergency Entrance 11-6.8 Ventilation of Underground Structures 11-7 WORK INSIDE UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES CHAPT 12 LOW-VOLTAGE INTERIOR SYSTEMS 12-1 WORKING ON INDOOR EQUIPMENT 12-1.1 Restricted Space 12-1.2 Grounding Systems 12-1.3 Disconnection of Power Sources 12-1.4 Related Building Systems 12-2 LOW-VOLTAGE SYSTEMS 12-2.1 Overview 12-2.2 Battery Room Hazards 12-2.3 Fire Alarm Systems 12-2.4 Solid-State Equipment 12-2.5 Low-Voltage Work Precautions 12-3 ROTATING MACHINERY 12-3.1 Hazards of Rotating Machinery 12-3.2 Motors and Generators CHAPT 13 SHORE-TO-SHIP ELECTRICAL POWER CONNECTIONS 13-1 CONNECT/DISCONNECT RESPONSIBILITIES 13-2 SHIP'S MAIN ELECTRICAL SERVICE COMPONENTS 13-2.1 Shore High-Voltage Distribution System 13-2.2 Pier Substations 13-2.3 Ship-to-Shore Pier Electrical Outlet Assemblies 13-2.4 Ship-to-Shore Power Cables and Connectors 13-3 SHIP'S ELECTRICAL SERVICE COMPONENT RELATIONS 13-4 UNUSUAL SHORE-TO-SHIP SYSTEM HAZARDS 13-4.1 Split Personnel Responsibilities 13-4.2 Portable Power Cable and Outlet Safety Assurance 13-4.3 Electrical Equipment Accessibility and Working Space 13-4.4 Ship's Electrical Power Input Safety 13-4.5 Parallel Operation 13-5 SUPPORTING SHORE-TO-SHIP SAFETY REQUIREMENTS 13-5.1 Specialized Shore-to-Ship System Training 13-5.2 Specific SOPs 13-6 PORTABLE SHORE POWER CABLES AND RECEPTACLES 13-6.1 Low-Voltage Terminations and Protective Circuit Breakers 13-6.2 High-Voltage (4,160 Volt and 15 kV) Terminations and Protective Circuit Breakers 13-7 SHIP CONNECTION PROCEDURES BEFORE SHIP DOCKS 13-8 SHORE-TO-SHIP POWER CABLE RIGGING AFTER SHIP DOCKS 13-9 SHIP'S TRANSFER TO SHORE POWER CHAPT 14 ELECTRICAL WORKER RESCUE 14-1 RESCUE TRAINING 14-2 POLE-TOP RESCUE 14-3 RESCUE FROM A MANHOLE 14-3 RESCUE FROM AN AERIAL LIFT (BUCKET TRUCK) 14-5 ELECTRICAL SHOCK
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